Considering the African Literary Landscape
Literary traditions not only offer us ways to highlight landmark works of literature within a particular period, geographic place, and/or culture but also allow us to engage works within their larger contexts. To date, no comprehensive and open digital resource has attempted to map the genealogical topographies of the Caribbean literary tradition. Originally rooted in a longstanding project to track the African literary tradition, the project utilizes an open digital platform in order to facilitate broad scholarly and pedagogical engagement with African and Caribbean literary histories. The most recent version of the project identifies and tracks pivotal African, Caribbean, and African-American works of literature (with plans to add Afro-Brazilian literature in the near future) starting in the 1700s and ending in the 1990s.
The beta site will be up beginning Spring 2019 and will allow visitors to view works by geographic region and in connection with works from across the African diaspora. We envision the site as a tool for both research and teaching; the platform will be a living document that encourages visitors to suggest and request additions. Most importantly, this work seeks to begin a conversation with fellow Caribbean Digital participants in order to introduce the beta site and discuss how this project might be most effective and useful for scholars and students interested in engaging with Caribbean literary history.
Suggestions for additions to the digital map and timeline can be sent here.
List of Works
year | title | author | location | region |
1753 | Bars Fight | Lucy Terry | Vermont | Afro-America |
1759 | Ode to Governor Haldane | Francis Williams | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1760 | An Evening Thought. Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries: Composed by Jupiter Hammon, a Negro belonging to Mr. Lloyd of Queen’s Village, on Long Island, the 25th of December, 1760 | Jupiter Hammon | New York | Afro-America |
1773 | Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral | Phyllis Wheatley | Massachusetts | Afro-America |
1820 | Poesías | José María Heredia | Cuba | Caribbean and Latin America |
1829 | Appeal, in Four Articles | David Walker | Massachusetts | Afro-America |
1845 | Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass | Frederick Douglass | Massachusetts | Afro-America |
1853 | Clotel; or, the President’s Daughter | William Wells Brown | Massachusetts | Afro-America |
1859 | Stella | Eméric Bergeaud | Haiti | Caribbean and Latin America |
1859 | Our Nig | Harriet G. Wilson | Massachusetts | Afro-America |
1861 | Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl | Linda Brent (Harriet Jacobs) | North Carolina | Afro-America |
1869 | The Theory and Practice of Creole Grammar | J.J. Thomas | Trinidad & Tobago | Caribbean and Latin America |
1873 | Francesca, les jeux du sort (Francesca, The Game of Fate) | Demesvar Delorme | Haiti | Caribbean and Latin America |
1877 | Le Damné | Demesvar Delorme | Haiti | Caribbean and Latin America |
1886 | Treading the Winepress (A Mountain of Misfortune) | Clarissa Minnie Thompson | Texas | Afro-America |
1887 | The Goophered Grapevine | Charles Chesnutt | Ohio | Afro-America |
1889 | The Conjure Woman | Charles Chesnutt | Ohio | Afro-America |
1889 | Froudacity | J.J. Thomas | Trinidad & Tobago | Caribbean and Latin America |
1892 | Iola Leroy | Frances Watkins Harper | Pennsylvania | Afro-America |
1892 | A Voice from the South | Anna Julia Cooper | Washington, D.C. | Afro-America |
1903 | The Souls of Black Folk | W.E.B. DuBois | Massachusetts | Afro-America |
1904 | Becka’s Buckra Baby | Tom Redam (Thomas Macdermot) | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1907 | The Traveller of the East | Thomas Mofolo | South Africa | Africa |
1911 | Ethiopia Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation | Joseph E. Casely-Hayford | Ghana | Africa |
1912 | Constab Ballads | Claude McKay | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1912 | The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man | James Weldon Johnson | Massachusetts | Afro-America |
1914 | Jane’s Career | Herbert G. de Lisser | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1919 | If We Must Die | Claude McKay | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1919 | The Negro Speaks of Rivers | Langston Hughes | New York | Afro-America |
1921 | Batouala | René Maran | Martinique | Caribbean and Latin America |
1923 | Cane | Jean Toomer | New York | Afro-America |
1925 | Chaka | Thomas Mofolo | South Africa | Africa |
1926 | Tropic Death | Eric Walrond | Guyana | Caribbean and Latin America |
1926 | The Haunting Hand | W. Adolphe Roberts | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1928 | Ainsi parla l’oncle (So Spoke the Uncle, translated 1983) | Jean Price-Mars | Haiti | Caribbean and Latin America |
1928 | Home to Harlem | Claude McKay | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1929 | The White Witch of Rose Hall | Herbert G. de Lisser | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1929 | Passing | Nella Larsen | New York | Afro-America |
1929 | The Autobiography of Segilola: The Lady with the Delicate Eyeballs | Isaac Thomas | Nigeria | Africa |
1929 | Plum Bun | Jessie Redmon Fauset | Pennsylvania | Afro-America |
1930 | Motivos de son (Son Motifs) | Nicolás Guillén | Cuba | Caribbean and Latin America |
1930 | After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie | Jean Rhys | Dominica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1930 | Tropic Reveries | Una Marson | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1930 | Poemes: Chants d’Ombre, Ethiopiques | Leopold Senghor | Senegal | Africa |
1931 | Sóngoro cosongo y otros poemas | Nicolás Guillén | Cuba | Caribbean and Latin America |
1932 | Southern Road | Sterling Brown | Washington, D.C. | Afro-America |
1934 | Pitch Lake | Alfred Mendes | Trinidad & Tobago | Caribbean and Latin America |
1935 | The Black Fauns | Alfred Mendes | Trinidad & Tobago | Caribbean and Latin America |
1936 | Minty Alley | C.L.R. James | Trinidad & Tobago | Caribbean and Latin America |
1937 | Cantos para soldados y sones para turistas (Songs for Soldiers and Rhythms for Tourists) | Nicolás Guillén | Cuba | Caribbean and Latin America |
1937 | Pigments | Léon-Gontran Damas | French Guiana | Caribbean and Latin America |
1937 | Under the Sun: A Jamaican Comedy | Herbert G. de Lisser | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1938 | Their Eyes Were Watching God | Zora Neale Hurston | Florida | Afro-America |
1938 | Uncle Tom’s Children | Richard Wright | New York | Afro-America |
1938 | The Black Jacobins | C.L.R. James | Trinidad & Tobago | Caribbean and Latin America |
1939 | Good Morning, Midnight | Jean Rhys | Dominica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1939 | Cahier d’un retour au pays Natal (Return to My Native Land) | Aimé Césaire | Martinique | Caribbean and Latin America |
1940 | Native Son | Richard Wright | New York | Afro-America |
1941 | Corentyne Thunder | Edgar Mittelholzer | Guyana | Caribbean and Latin America |
1942 | Dark Testament | Peter Abrahams | South Africa | Africa |
1944 | For My People | Margaret Walker | Mississippi | Afro-America |
1945 | If He Hollers Let Him Go | Chester Himes | California | Afro-America |
1945 | And Most of All Man | Roger Mais | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1946 | The Street | Anne Petry | Connecticut | Afro-America |
1946 | Mine Boy | Peter Abrahams | South Africa | Africa |
1947 | El son entero (The Whole Rhythm) | Nicolás Guillén | Cuba | Caribbean and Latin America |
1948 | Take’um so | Aquah Laluah (Gladys Casely-Hayford) | Sierra Leone | Africa |
1949 | El reino de este mundo (The Kingdom of This World, translated 1957) | Alejo Carpentier | Cuba | Caribbean and Latin America |
1949 | Anne Allen | Gwendolyn Brooks | Illinois | Afro-America |
1949 | New Day | Vic Reid | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1950 | A Morning at the Office | Edgar Mittelholzer | Guyana | Caribbean and Latin America |
1950 | Ògbójú ode nini Igbó irúnmalè (A Hunter’s Saga) | D.O. Fagunwa | Nigeria | Africa |
1952 | Maude Martha | Gwendolyn Brooks | Illinois | Afro-America |
1952 | Invisible Man | Ralph Ellison | New York | Afro-America |
1952 | The Palm Wine Drinkard | Amos Tutola | Nigeria | Africa |
1953 | In the Castle of My Skin | George Lamming | Barbados | Caribbean and Latin America |
1953 | The Narrows | Anne Petry | Connecticut | Afro-America |
1953 | Los pasos perdidos (The Lost Steps, translated 1956) | Alejo Carpentier | Cuba | Caribbean and Latin America |
1953 | Orchid House | Phyllis Shand Allfrey | Dominica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1953 | The Hills Were Joyful Together | Roger Mais | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1953 | Go Tell it On the Mountain | James Baldwin | New York | Afro-America |
1953 | Things Fall Apart | Chinua Achebe | Nigeria | Africa |
1953 | A Brighter Sun | Sam Selvon | Trinidad & Tobago | Caribbean and Latin America |
1954 | Youngblood | John Oliver Killens | Georgia | Afro-America |
1954 | Poems of Resistance | Marin Carter | Guyana | Caribbean and Latin America |
1954 | The Fires that Burn in Heaven | Clarence Major | Illinois | Afro-America |
1954 | Brother Man | Roger Mais | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1955 | The Primitive | Chester Himes | California | Afro-America |
1956 | Giovanni’s Room | James Baldwin | New York | Afro-America |
1959 | Brown Girl, Brownstones | Paule Marshall | New York | Afro-America |
1960 | Palace of the Peacock | Wilson Harris | Guyana | Caribbean and Latin America |
1960 | The African | William Conton | Sierra Leone | Africa |
1961 | Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note | Amiri Baraka | New Jersey | Afro-America |
1961 | A House for Mr. Biswas | V.S. Naipul | Trinidad & Tobago | Caribbean and Latin America |
1962 | Soul or Ice | Eldridge Cleaver | California | Afro-America |
1962 | In a Green Night | Derek Walcott | Saint Lucia | Caribbean and Latin America |
1962 | Gods Bits of Wood | Ousmane Sembene | Senegal | Africa |
1963 | And then We Heard the Thunder | John Oliver Killens | Georgia | Afro-America |
1964 | Catherine Carmier | Ernest Gaines | Louisiana | Afro-America |
1964 | Dutchman and the Slave | Amiri Baraka | New Jersey | Afro-America |
1964 | Blues for Mister Charlie | James Baldwin | New York | Afro-America |
1964 | Love Poems of a Black Man | Charles Major | ||
1965 | The River Between | Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o | Kenya | Africa |
1965 | The Autobiography of Malcolm X | Malcolm X and Alex Hayley | New York | Afro-America |
1966 | Wide Sargasso Sea | Jean Rhys | Dominica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1966 | The Hills of Hebron: A Jamaican Novel | Sylvia Wynter | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1966 | The Wretched of the Earth | Frantz Fanon | Martinique | Caribbean and Latin America |
1967 | Rights of Passage | Edward Kamau Braithwaite | Barbados | Caribbean and Latin America |
1967 | Cotton Comes to Harlem | Chester Himes | California | Afro-America |
1967 | Think Black | Don L. Lee (Haki R. Madhubuti) | Illinois | Afro-America |
1967 | A Grain of Wheat | Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o | Kenya | Africa |
1967 | Dutchman and the Slave, Two Plays | Amiri Baraka | New Jersey | Afro-America |
1967 | The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual | Harold Cruse | New York | Afro-America |
1968 | Masks | Edward Kamau Braithwaite | Barbados | Caribbean and Latin America |
1968 | Soul on Ice | Eldridge Cleaver | California | Afro-America |
1968 | Murmures, Poemes | Clémentine Madiya Faïk-Nzuju | Congo | Africa |
1968 | Black Pride | Don L. Lee (Haki R. Madhubuti) | Illinois | Afro-America |
1968 | Land Without Thunder | Grace Ogot | Kenya | Africa |
1968 | The First Cities | Audre Lorde | New York | Afro-America |
1968 | The Schoolmaster | Earl Lovelace | Trinidad & Tobago | Caribbean and Latin America |
1969 | Islands | Edward Kamau Braithwaite | Barbados | Caribbean and Latin America |
1969 | Don’t Cry, Scream | Don L. Lee (Haki R. Madhubuti) | Illinois | Afro-America |
1969 | Daughter of Mumbi | Charity Waciuma | Kenya | Africa |
1970 | 19 Necromancers from Now | Ishmael Reed | New York | Afro-America |
1970 | Dream on Monkey Mountain, and Other Plays | Derek Walcott | Saint Lucia | Caribbean and Latin America |
1971 | The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman | Ernest Gaines | Louisiana | Afro-America |
1971 | The Black Aesthetic | Addison Gayle | New York | Afro-America |
1971 | Down Second Avenue | Es’kia Mphahlele | South Africa | Africa |
1972 | Pluie et vent sur Télumée Miracle (The Bridge of Beyond, translated 1974) | Simone Shwarz-Bart | Guadeloupe | Caribbean and Latin America |
1972 | Voices in the Whirlwind | Es’kia Mphahlele | South Africa | Africa |
1973 | A Question of Power | Bessie Head | Botswana | Africa |
1973 | Another Life | Derek Walcott | Saint Lucia | Caribbean and Latin America |
1973 | Robben Island | D.M. Zwelonke | South Africa | Africa |
1975 | Ripples in the Pool | Rebeka Njau | Kenya | Africa |
1975 | Muriel at Metropolitan | Miriam Tlali | South Africa | Africa |
1975 | Three Solid Stones | Martha Mvungi | Tanzania | Africa |
1975 | Guerillas | V.S. Naipul | Trinidad & Tobago | Caribbean and Latin America |
1976 | The Other Woman | Grace Ogot | Kenya | Africa |
1977 | Mother Poem | Edward Kamau Braithwaite | Barbados | Caribbean and Latin America |
1977 | Anowa, Dilemma of a Ghost | Ama Ata Aidoo | Ghana | Africa |
1977 | Petals of Blood | Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o | Kenya | Africa |
1977 | For colored girls who have considered suicide, when the rainbow is enuf: a choreopoem | Ntozake Shange | New York | Afro-America |
1978 | The House of Hunger | Dambudzo Marechera | Zimbabwe | Africa |
1979 | Edufa | Efua Sutherland | Ghana | Africa |
1979 | The Joys of Motherhood | Buchi Emecheta | Nigeria | Africa |
1979 | Death & the Kings Horsemen | Wole Soyinka | Nigeria | Africa |
1979 | The Star Apple Kingdom | Derek Walcott | Saint Lucia | Caribbean and Latin America |
1979 | La grève des battù (The Beggar’s Strike) | Aminata Sow Fall | Senegal | Africa |
1979 | Over de gekte van een vrouw (About a Woman’s Madness) | Astrid Roemer | Suriname | Caribbean and Latin America |
1979 | The Dragon Can’t Dance | Earl Lovelace | Trinidad & Tobago | Caribbean and Latin America |
1980 | The Graduate | Grace Ogot | Kenya | Africa |
1980 | The Island of Tears | Grace Ogot | Kenya | Africa |
1980 | Mzala | Mbulelo Mzamane | South Africa | Africa |
1981 | Orphée d’Afric: Theatre-rituel (African Orpheus: Ritual Theater) | Werewere Liking | Cameroon | Africa |
1981 | L’isolé soleil (Lone Sun, translated 1989) | Daniel Maximin | Guadeloupe | Caribbean and Latin America |
1981 | The Unbroken Song | Es’kia Mphahlele | South Africa | Africa |
1982 | Sun Poem | Edward Kamau Braithwaite | Barbados | Caribbean and Latin America |
1982 | Devil on the Cross | Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o | Kenya | Africa |
1982 | I Will Marry When I Want | Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o | Kenya | Africa |
1982 | A Soldier’s Play | Charles Fuller | Pennsylvania | Afro-America |
1982 | L’áppel des arènes (The Call of the Arena) | Aminata Sow Fall | Senegal | Africa |
1982 | The Wine of Astonishment | Earl Lovelace | Trinidad & Tobago | Caribbean and Latin America |
1983 | At the Bottom of the River | Jamaica Kincaid | Antigua | Caribbean and Latin America |
1983 | Elle sera de jaspe et de corail (She Will Be of Jasper and Coral) | Werewere Liking | Cameroon | Africa |
1983 | The Color Purple | Alice Walker | Georgia | Afro-America |
1983 | Praisesong for the Widow | Paule Marshall | New York | Afro-America |
1983 | Fools and Other Stories | Njabulo Ndebele | South Africa | Africa |
1984 | The History of the Voice: The Development of Nation Language in Anglophone Caribbean Poetry | Edward Kamau Braithwaite | Barbados | Caribbean and Latin America |
1984 | Cuaderno de Granada (Grenada Notebook) | Nancy Morejón | Cuba | Caribbean and Latin America |
1984 | Ségou (translated 1987) | Maryse Condé | Guadeloupe | Caribbean and Latin America |
1986 | Frangipani House | Beryl Gilroy | Guyana | Caribbean and Latin America |
1986 | Summer Lightning | Olive Senior | Jamaica | Caribbean and Latin America |
1986 | Hungry Flames and Other Black South African Short Stories | Mbulelo Mzamane | South Africa | Africa |
1987 | Soufriéres | Daniel Maximin | Guadeloupe | Caribbean and Latin America |
1987 | Matigari | Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o | Kenya | Africa |
1987 | The Colored Museum | George Wolfe | New York | Afro-America |
1987 | Head Above Water | Buchi Emecheta | Nigeria | Africa |
1987 | Fences | August Wilson | Pennsylvania | Afro-America |
1988 | Boy-Sandwich | Beryl Gilroy | Guyana | Caribbean and Latin America |
1988 | Eloge de la Créolité (Elegy to Creolity) | Patrick Chamoiseau, Jean Bernabé, and Raphaël Confiant | Martinique | Caribbean and Latin America |
1988 | Beloved | Toni Morrison | New York | Afro-America |
1988 | Mama Day | Gloria Naylor | New York | Afro-America |
1988 | Anthills of the Savannah | Chinua Achebe | Nigeria | Africa |
1990 | Omeros | Derek Walcott | Saint Lucia | Caribbean and Latin America |
1991 | Stedman and Joanna | Beryl Gilroy | Guyana | Caribbean and Latin America |
1992 | Waiting to Exhale | Terry McMillan | California | Afro-America |
1992 | Texaco (translated 1997) | Patrick Chamoiseau | Martinique | Caribbean and Latin America |
1993 | Portsmouth | Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o | Kenya | Africa |
1995 | Push | Sapphire | New York | Afro-America |
1996 | Salt | Earl Lovelace | Trinidad & Tobago | Caribbean and Latin America |
1997 | Fires in the Mirror: Crown Heights, Brooklyn, & Other Identities | Anna Deavere Smith | New York | Afro-America |
2001 | Welcome to Our Hillbrow | Phaswane Mpe | South Africa | Africa |
2002 | The Stone Virgins | Yvonne Vera | Zimbabwe | Africa |
2003 | A Human Being Died that Night | Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela | South Africa | Africa |
2007 | Half of a Yellow Sun | Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie | Nigeria | Africa |
2010 | The Memory of Love | Aminatta Forna | Sierra Leone | Africa |